Only include a reference entry for the secondary source, not the primary source. Porter (as cited in Johnson, 2017) states that… If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include only the year of publication of the secondary source. ( Parker, 1978, as cited in Bloom et al., 2017) However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”. If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source. Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations. Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date). Multiple works by the same author in the same year.ĭifferent authors with the same last name. Ambiguity in APA in-text citations Situation When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below. Avoiding ambiguity in APA in-text citations Several studies have replicated these results (Brown, 2009 Porter, 2004 Smith, 2015, 2017). When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available: ( English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Josh. (Streefkerk, 2020, “No page number” section).If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as: Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry. Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks.Īpply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). The costs of solar energy have decreased by 34% in the past three years (Tesla, 2020).Īlternatively, use the source title in place of the author. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry). If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. No author, date or page number Missing information in APA in-text citations Unknown element (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020)Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020) Multiple authors in APA in-text citations Author type
#REFERENCE EXAMPLE APA STYLE FULL#
Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”. If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. APA in-text citations with multiple authors Check out a full example paragraph with in-text citations. The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. The publication year appears directly after the author’s name when using the narrative format. Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers.Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019).The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.
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